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Objective:To explore the effect of postpartum fatigue(PPF) on maternal behavior in rats and its mechanisms.Methods:Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats on the first day after delivery were randomized into the control group and the PPF group using the random number table method, with eight rats in each group.The rat model of PPF was established by forcing rats to stand in a cage with water and last for seven days.To maintain galactosis and lactation, rats and pups were caged for 90 min after every 3 h of separation.The control group was separated routinely without any stimulus.The length and body mass of the pups were recorded at birth and postnatal day 7.On the seven days after modeling, the following maternal behaviors were observed via video recordings: suckling, nesting, clicking and retrieval.The morphology of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVH) was observed by HE staining.The expression of oxytocin in the paraventricular hypothalamus (OxtPVH) was determined by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry.Western blot and qRT-PCR were performed to detect mRNA and protein expression of prolactin (PRL) in pituitary gland, respectively.Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 22.0, normally distributed continuous variables were compared between the two groups using an independent-sample t test, and nonnormally distributed continuous variables were compared between the two groups by Mann-Whitney U test. Results:On the seventh day after modeling, the length and weight gain of pups in the PPF group ((5.82±0.17) cm, (5.33±2.54) g)were significantly lower than those of the control group ((6.24±0.36) cm, (7.92±2.54) g, t=3.199, 2.227, both P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the rats in PPF group exhibited abnormal maternal behaviors, such as gnawing cage, biting tails, turning circles, repeatedly nesting and refusal to suckling.The results from the maternal behavioral test revealed that the latency of first pup retrieval and last pup retrieval ((39.25±3.50) s, (280.75±59.16) s) in the PPF group were significantly prolonged compared with those in the control group((19.25±7.68) s, (146.00±49.62) s, t=-4.742, -3.490, both P<0.05), the duration of nesting building ((19.50±12.69) s)and clicking ((95.50±70.55)s) in the PPF group were significantly shorter than those in the control group((68.00±37.59) s, (243.00±62.07) s; t=2.445, 3.139, both P<0.05). Compared with control group, the neurons cells of PVH in the PPF group were in disordered manner and the OxtPVH content in the PPF group decreased significantly.The mRNA (0.33(0.29, 0.38) vs 0.85(0.76, 1.76), Z=-3.576, P<0.05) and protein ((1.00±0.65) vs (4.17±0.49), t=-7.726, P<0.05) levels of PRL in PPF group were significantly decreased compared with those in the control group. Conclusion:The behaviors of holding back, nesting and licking offspring are decreased in postnatal fatigued rats.This may be related to the decreased expression of OxtPVH and PRL in hypothalamus of female rats.
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Objective To test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Profile of Fatigue Scale (PROF)among the patients with Sjogren′s syndrome. Methods The English version of PROF was translated into Chinese according to Brislin Translation Model. 107 patients with Sjogren′s syndrome were investigated to test its reliability and validity. Results The Cronbachαcoefficient , Guttman split-half coefficient, test-retest reliability and content validity of Chinese version of PROF were 0.976, 0.953, 0.872 and 0.875. Two factors were extracted by factor analysis and the cumulated variance was 80.75%. The structure of PROF was in line with the original scale. The criterion-related validity was 0.621 measured by comparing with visual analog scale of fatigue, and was -0.707 measured by comparing with vitality domain in the MOS item Short From Health Survey (SF-36). Conclusions The Chinese version of PROF has been proved to be reliable and valid. It can be used to measure the fatigue in Chinese patients with Sjogren′s syndrome.
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Objective Using the evidence-based medicine to investigate the effect of cognitive behavior intervention on physical and mental health in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods Controlled studies related to psychological intervention on depression and glyeosylated hemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes were retrieved from electronic databases such as CNKI,VIP,Wanfang database and Pubmed,etc.The quality of included studies was evaluated and then data were analyzed by using RevMan5 software.Results A total of 273 articles were retrieved and finally 6 were enrolled.Results of Meta analysis were listed as follows:Cognitive behavior intervention could reduce score of Self-rated Depression Scale (SDS) in patients with diabetes mellitus.Cognitive behavior intervention could effectively reduce glycosylated hemoglobin values in patients with diabetes mellitus.Conclusions Cognitive behavior intervention can improve physical and mental health,decrease glycosylated hemoglobin and improve depression status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.However,all the trials included in this review are of low quality; larger scale RCTs of higher quality are needed to confirm this conclusion.
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Objective To explore the damage of intestinal mucosal barrier caused by vinegar retention enema, and compare the degree of injury in intestinal mucosal barrier between isotonic vinegar and traditional hypertonic vinegar treat-ment. Methods Sixteen adult rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. The solution of vinegar mixed with normal so-dium was given to hypertonic group. Isotonic group was administered with isosmotic solution made of vinegar and double dis-tilled water, with the same volume fraction and pH as hypertonic group. Then two different osmosis solutions were given as enema solution to rabbits under the same condition. Finally, damages of intestinal mucosa were observed by light microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM) in two groups. Results It was observed that injuries of rectum and distal part of colon were more severe in hypertonic group than those of isotonic group through light microscope. Besides, cell structures were morphologically normal, with in-line microvilli and intact tight junction in isotonic group. In hypertonic group, microvil-li of intestinal cells decreased or disappeared, the cell junction is widened, and cell apoptosis and necrosis were found through TEM. Conclusion Results showed that isotonic vinegar had less damage to mucosa. Consequently, isotonic vinegar can be considered as enema solution for hepatic encephalopathy to avoid damage by osmosis in clinic.
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Objective To investigate the status quo of new allocated nurses to master relevant knowledge of blood specimen collection.Methods 197 new allocated nurses and young nurses within 5 working-years were included and the new allocated nurses accepted knowledge training of blood specimen collection.Differences in training effect between nurses with different work experience and education background were analyzed.Results Average score of new allocated nurses before training was lower than young nurses,while after training,there was no difference between them.The training score of new allocated nurses did not correlate with their background before and after training.Conclusions In order to improve the quality of testing and prompt development of new nurses,the department of clinical nursing should strengthen the relevant training about knowledge of blood specimen collection in new allocated nurses.